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Energy saving.The effectiveness of the use of energy resources.

Energy saving today is one of the priority areas of politics and companies that focus on dynamic development, both in terms of reducing the costs of their production of the main products, and in accordance with the general orientation of government programs aimed at reducing loads on the production of capacity.Energy saving is one of the most important tasks for any company that was particularly abruptly faced by companies now, during the economic crisis.The technological and economic characteristics of the centralized consumer heat supply are directly related to the subject - thermal energy.However, this is not the only factor that affects the details.An effective conservation of energy can significantly reduce the cost of production and, consequently, increase its competitiveness in the markets.

Energy saving

There are a large number of various methods to increase the rational use of existing resources and energy skills.And first the Enterprise begins to introduce technologies that greet energy, faster will feel the positive effect of these events, which will be expressed in specific financial indicators."On the conservation of energy and on the increase in energy efficiency and changes to certain legislative acts".The law places the implementation of measures aimed at reducing energy costs, that is to say:

  • From 1 January 2010, a budget institute is required to guarantee a decrease in comparable conditions of the volume of water consumed by it, natural gas, fuel oil, diesel and other fuel, thermal energy, electricity in five years of at least fifteen percent of the volume that had actually consumed in 2009, each of the resources indicated with a weekly decrease in a volume of at least three percent;
  • Until January 1, 2011, the owners of buildings, structures, structures and other objects, during the functioning of energy resources, are necessary to complete the equipment of these objects through used water measurement devices, natural gas, thermal energy, electricity, as well as the commission of the measurement devices installed in operation;
  • Until May 15, 2010, organizations with the participation of the State, including state and municipal institutions, are required to accept energy conservation programs and to increase energy efficiency;
  • Organizations with the participation of the State, including state and municipal institutions, are required to organize and conduct the first energy exam until 31 December 2012, subsequent energy surveys, at least once every five years.

Energy saving as a way to provide the growing need for energy and energy resources is 2-5 times more profitable than the construction of new skills for the production of thermal and electric energy for the same purposes.For our population, the high growth rate of internal energy prices and energy raw materials to support and develop the fuel and energy complex is unacceptable, since work productivity and the level of payment are repeatedly lower than the most developed countries.Price growth rates should not exceed the growth rate of labor productivity.Otherwise, inflation will grow in the country to the extent that the cost of energy bearers increases.The global economic crisis that broke out, which has captured the world almost without trace, has attributed particular importance to the increase in energy efficiency, since each ruble invested in the production of highly effective equipment creates 8 times more jobs than the ruble invested in the production of energy.The concept of an efficient increase from an energy point of view in the country's economy should consist of 4 parts:

  • energy conservation programs;
  • Energy prices stabilization (for which trust and interdependence should be guaranteed between producers, consumers and transitional energy resources);
  • increasing the role of atomic and non -traditional renewable energy;
  • Development of new energy technologies.

In recent years, radical changes have occurred in our country, which require change in approaches and psychology, making fundamentally new decisions.The most important of them include: a) a cardinal change in the legal field;b) continuation of liberalization in the electrical industry and in the gas industry;c) implementation of national projects;d) the emergence of a global systemic deficiency of the energy skills and the ability of the economy of the network;e) Restrictions on hydrocarbons.

The effectiveness of the use of energy resources

Modern large companies are interested in reducing the cost of products to attract customers.And to reduce the cost, the entire production chain should be reorganized, the effectiveness of the use of energy resources is verified.This is very important, since various energy resources are used in production.It can be electricity, heat and other resources.For more effective use, there are different methods.First of all, it is necessary to solve a psychological problem, which is a serious obstacle to the economy of electricity, that is, workers have no interest in the economic use of resources.Another problem is the income of the corporate managers to reorganize the entire production process for the effective use of energy resources.Therefore, the process of reducing energy costs is obtained in different ways:

  • reorganization of the company and all production;
  • gradual reconstruction of the production process;
  • determine the energy saving potential;
  • Implementation of programs for the effective use of energy resources;
  • Periodic technological investigation of companies.

In large companies with their energy conservation specialists, energy audit programs are compiled by themselves with the involvement of experts from the regional energy conservation centers.In small and medium -sized companies, energy audit programs are developed by specialists in regional or republican energy conservation centers.These programs should have several phases:

Evaluation of energy saving potential.At this stage, a detailed examination of the energy consumption of all large consumers of energy, seminars and the entire company for at least 5 years preceding the year examined is carried out.The data are processed on a computer and mathematical energy consumption models are created.The latter are necessary to take into account the dependence on the consumption of energy on performance, temperature, quality of raw materials, etc.After the processing of the survey results, the databases are created, including the following information:

  • Consumption of basic energy resources (fuel, electricity, heat and water), both absolute and specific, assigned to the unit of the main types of products;
  • Consumption of basic energy resources for similar attitudes, seminars and companies in this sector abroad (it helps to establish a situation with energy consumption in the analyzed company: good, medium, bad, very bad);
  • the energy saving potential, expressed in the natural calculation (kW · h, gj, t) and monetary;
  • The main ways to reduce energy expenses in similar national and foreign companies (methods for achieving, costs, reimbursement periods, etc.).

Often, a control exam allows to identify reserves for immediate energy saving (for example, improper operation of electric lighting, a low load of equipment, large thermal and electrical losses, etc.).In most cases, survey control data are necessary to develop an energy saving strategy.Organization of accounting for energy consumption.Studies show that the correct organization of energy consumption accounting can save 5 ... 10 % of energy resources without additional measures.The best result is obtained when organizing an energy center at the company, which contains a central computer with appropriate software, a network of transmission data on energy consumption and primary devices (meters and sensors).

Depending on the scale of the company and the values of energy consumption, these elements of the energy center should be selected.Therefore, for large enterprises (metallurgics, chemicals, cars), it is economically advisable to create complex and expensive energy centers.A relatively cheap computer with simple software is suitable for small businesses.Therefore, the organization of control over energy resources consumption is the first and most important step towards their rational management:

  • the identification of the seminars and sections that reveal the energy resources within the company;
  • a detailed audit of the accounts issued by the company with organizations that provide energy;
  • Identify the most energetically effective operating methods of equipment and maintain these modalities for the greatest possible time;
  • A rigorous quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of various energy assistance measures in natural terms (GJ, Kwnc, etc.) and monetary.

Development and implementation of measures to reduce Ted consumption. Despite the differences in the structures of industrial plants and the methods of their functioning, the potential energy saving skills are similar in them.Can be grouped in the following categories:

  • Operation and maintenance strategy;
  • Strategy for the modernization of equipment and technological processes;
  • The strategy to replace the existing equipment with a new, less energy and the introduction of new technologies.

For example, the current energy consumption of the company is accepted for the initial state before the implementation of the energy conservation program.Therefore, based on the analysis of the existing skills, control figures are established to reduce energy consumption at the end of each phases of the energy conservation program.An important aspect of the implementation of the program is the problem of motivating companies to implement it.Information on the energy conservation program should be in an accessible form brought to all the artists who participated.All the executors of the program should know that they will receive a real reward in the implementation of its phases.When energy saving measures develop on PP, it must be remembered that there are the following savings areas:

  • Saving ter improving energy supply;
  • Ted savings improving use.

These measures are developed by power engineers.The main ones are:

The right choice of energy bearers.Each process requires such an energy carrier that provides maximum energy and economic effect.For example, for ovens and heating systems, it is necessary to compare the direct use of fuel and electrical heating;For the electricity of blacksmith and prize equipment, compressed air and steam (if it is available to the company).The type of energy is chosen by comparing the options and fully analyzing the following factors:

  • Requirements from technology (change in the quality of products, consumption of raw materials, etc.);
  • economic differences in the design and operating conditions of the equipment;
  • energy costs compared;
  • the availability of the necessary equipment;
  • the period of time required to replace the equipment;
  • The economic effect of the use of Ver, the cost of environmental measures.

The costs of the options in question are determined by the expression z = emergency + IP+ Eudpzud.e - σδzI,

where KP is the capital costs for this technological installation without taking into account the installation costs;IP - Operating costs without energy component;EUD - specific consumption of energy resources;P - annual production of products;ZUD - the specific energy costs above;I - The effect of the use of ver. For current companies, an assessment of the options compared to current energy rates is allowed if the costs of the events are covered by the corporate fund.

  1. Reduce the number of energy transformations.Since each transformation of energy is associated with losses, less consistent transformations the energy suffers, the greater the general efficiency.It is economically, for example, it is advisable to replace the compressed air with electricity wherever possible where it is possible according to the technological conditions.
  2. Development of rational energy saving schemes.The plant saving scheme of the plant is a complex complex in which individual energy bearers are interdependent and often interchangeable.The development of a global nutrition scheme, connected to technology and taking into account the technologically necessary parameters of all energy bearers, will reveal the savings reserves and show the sequence of their implementation.
  3. Automation of energy supply units.This includes measures such as the automation of heating units, boilers units, sub -ostations and the introduction of television and automatic control of the energy parameters of various engines and assiemas.
  4. Improve the quality of energy resources.Any change in the parameters of energy resources (pressure, temperature, humidity, sulfur, ash, quality of electricity, etc.) leads to a deterioration of the quality of the products and to an overlap of energy resources.

Thermal energy losses are classified in technological;commercial;emergency.This indicator is calculated to the company for a heating season, taking into account the production costs and the climatic conditions of last year.The percentage of losses depends on the nature of networks, temperature graphics, pressure, atmospheric temperature.